Drug testing is the evaluation of urine, blood or another type of biological sample to determine if the subject has been using the drug or drugs in question. There are many circumstances that may require drug testing:

• Pre-employment drug screening test or random, work-related drug testing to identify on-the-job drug abuse.

• College or professional athletic drug testing.

• Post-accident drug testing - a vehicular or on-the-job accident which may have involved human error and resulted in casualties or property damage.

• Safety-related drug testing - if an employee's job could lead to safety issues if judgement or physical ability were impaired.

Urine is the most common sample type used for drug testing by employers. A urinalysis will show the presence of a drug in the system after the drug effects have worn off; however, the length of time varies by drug. Urine is the only sample type approved for testing of the federally mandated, safety-sensitive workforce.

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The accuracy of drug tests can depend on several factors, including the type of test, the drug being tested for, and the laboratory conducting the test. Urine, blood, hair, saliva, sweat, and nails are some samples used for drug testing, and the accuracy of the test largely depends on the test's sensitivity and specificity.

Various factors can influence the results of a drug test. Here are some factors that can affect drug test results:

• Metabolism and individual differences: Each person's metabolism and physiology can impact how their body processes and eliminates drugs. Factors such as age, weight, liver function, and genetics play a role in drug metabolism.

• Drug interactions: Certain medications or substances can interfere with drug test results. For example, some medications may produce false-positive or false-negative results, leading to incorrect interpretations. It's important to disclose any medications or supplements you're taking to the testing administrator.

• Dosage and frequency of drug use: The amount and frequency of drug use can affect detection windows. Higher doses or more frequent use may increase the likelihood of detection in drug tests.

• Timing of drug use: The time elapsed between drug use and the drug test can impact detection. Different drugs have different detection windows, with some being detectable for shorter periods than others.

• Sample integrity and handling: Contaminated or mishandled samples can lead to inaccurate results. Proper collection, labeling, and storage of samples are crucial for reliable testing.

• Fluid intake and urine dilution: Drinking excessive fluids or using certain methods to dilute urine can potentially impact the concentration of drugs in the urine and lead to inconclusive or misleading results.

• Testing method and technology: Different drug tests have varying sensitivities and detection thresholds. Some tests may have higher chances of false positives or false negatives, depending on the method used.

The privacy of drug test results is protected by federal and state laws, as well as industry regulations, to ensure confidentiality and maintain the integrity of the testing process.